apoptosis or programmed cell death is a gene regulated phenomenon which is important in both physiological and pathological conditions. it is characterized by distinct morphological features including chromatin condensation, cell and nuclear shrinkage, membrane blebbing and oligonucleosomal dna fragmentation. although, two major apoptotic pathways including 1) the death receptor (extrinsic) and...

Defects in the extrinsic pathway are linked to several disease states, including cancer. Pharmacologic manipulation of the extrinsic pathway holds exciting promise for cancer treatment. This review will discuss the current understanding of the molecular signaling events that originate from extracellular sources to initiate apoptosis, how the pathway is activated by conventional chemotherapeutic...

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) induces apoptosis in T cells by a caspase-dependent mechanism. Apoptosis can occur via extrinsic (death receptor) and/or intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathways. Here, we show that the initiator caspase for the intrinsic pathway is activated in T cells following HSV-2 exposure. To determine the respective contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, we asses...

Background: The detrimental effects of persistent stimulation with hCG were investigated in rat Leydig cells in vitro. Materials and Methods: Oxidative stress parameters such as lipid peroxidation, Reactive oxygen species(ROS), Total antioxidant capcity (TAC) and activities of antioxidant enzymes were assessed in the treated cells. Apoptosis amongest the trearted cells were detected by in situ ...

In this review, we aim to examine the effect of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on spermatogenesis process taking into account a complex signaling pathway. Primarily, it is suggested that retinoic acid (RA) has a vital function in spermatogenesis process and it is considered to be essential for completion of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa. In the present review, the key effects of retino...

infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is a progressive condition which may cause endothelial dysfunction and liver damage leading to coagulopathy. with adventure of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart), life expectancy has prolonged in hiv positive patients but several acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)-related conditions such as coagulopathies are responsible for ass...

in this review, we aim to examine the effect of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on spermatogenesis process taking into account a complex signaling pathway. primarily, it is suggested that retinoic acid (ra) has a vital function in spermatogenesis process and it is considered to be essential for completion of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa. in the present review, the key effects of retino...